My last experiments with an Arduino were pre VCV, but this sounds like a nice project. IIRC the ADC converters have a 10-bit resolution, so 1024 steps. Communication via USB was simple but I cant remember how stable or the speed. I would hope to develop a module to convert the incoming data to CV to be straight forward.
If I can find the time, and my Arduino I may well attempt this. I shall keep you informed if I make any progress.